Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
Note on Transcription and Transliteration
Introduction: Becoming Gnawa
1. From Enslavement to Gnawa: Historical Postcards and the Construction of Gnawa Identity
2. Black Women, Photographic Representation, and Female Agency
3. Fraja Performances: Geo-Locating Gnawa Ceremonies in the Sudan
4. Spirits in the Night: Blackness, Authenticity, and Potency in a Gnawa Lila
5. Marketing Gnawa Authenticity: The Shrine of Bilal and Hats of the Bambara
6. The Gnawa Guinbri: From Concealment to Exhibition
Conclusion: Utopian Visions and Trans-Saharan Realities
Appendix: Gnawa Spiritual Repertoire
Notes
Bibliography
Index